T7 promoter-based expression system

ABSTRACT

An improved T7 based promoter-driven protein expression system comprising an operator sequence downstream of the T7 promoter sequence, and having a further operator sequence upstream of the T7 promoter sequence.

This application is the national phase of international application PCT/GB98/02175 filed Jul. 21, 1998 which designated the U.S.

The invention relates to expression systems for the recombinant synthesis of polypeptides, in particular to T7 promoter-driven protein expression systems. The invention also relates to expression vectors for use in such systems.

A large number of mammalian, yeast and bacterial host expression systems are known (Methods in Enzymology (1990), 185, Editor: D. V. Goeddel). Of particular interest are those which use T7 RNA polymerase. The ability of T7 RNA polymerase and equivalent RNA polymerases from T7-like phages to transcribe selectively any DNA that is linked to an appropriate promoter can serve as the basis for a very specific and efficient production of desired RNAs both in vitro and inside a cell.

U.S. Pat. No. 4952496 (Studier) discloses a process whereby T7 RNA polymerase can be expressed and used to direct the production of specific proteins, all within a host E. coli cell. Specific proteins of interest include antigens for vaccines, hormones, enzymes, or other proteins of medical or commercial value. Potentially, the selectivity and efficiency of the phage RNA polymerase could make such production very efficient. Furthermore, the unique properties of these phage RNA polymerases may make it possible for them to direct efficient expression of genes that are expressed only inefficiently or not at all by other RNA polymerases. These phage polymerases have the further advantage that it is possible to selectively inhibit the host cell RNA polymerase so that all transcription in the cell will be due to the phage RNA polymerase.

An expression system based on the above is now commercially available. This is the pET system obtainable from Novagen Inc. 597 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711. This system is suitable for the cloning and expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli. See also Moffat et al, J. Mol. Biol., 1986, 189, 113-130; Rosenberg et al, Gene, 56, 125-135; and Studier et al, Meth. Enzymol. 1990, 185, 60-89.

However, despite the provision of the pET system, there remains the need for further, improved T7 promoter-driven expression systems.

We have now devised such a system which provides improved control of expression and improved levels of protein expression, when compared to available 17-based expression systems. We provide a T7 promoter-driven expression system wherein basal expression in the absence of inducer is reduced to a level which permits the cloning and expression of toxic gene products not possible with currently available T7 based expression systems whilst not influencing induced productivity. Moreover, our present invention also allows control of production of heterologous proteins in an inducer concentration-dependent manner over a wide range of expression levels so that an optimum level of expression can be identified. This level of control over expression and production of heterologous protein is not possible with currently available T7 based expression systems.

Therefore in a first aspect of the invention we provide a T7 promoter-driven protein expression system comprising an operator sequence downstream of the T7 promoter sequence, and having a further operator sequence upstream of the T7 promoter sequence.

We have found that the further operator is preferably a native lac operator (lacO) sequence. Or a perfect palindrome operator (ppop) sequence. More preferably the native (lac) operator sequence downstream of the T7 promoter sequence is replaced by a ppop sequence, so as to provide a tandem ppop operator.

The T7 promoter driven expression system is conveniently constructed as follows- The target gene of interest is cloned in a plasmid under control of bacteriophage transcription and translation signals. The target gene is initially cloned using a host such as E.coli DH5α, HB101 that does not contain the T7 RNA polymerase gene. Once established, plasmids are transferred into expression hosts containing a chromosomal copy of the T7 RNA polymerase gene under for example lac UV5 control. Other convenient promoters include lac, trp, tac, trc, and bacteriophage λ promoters such as pL and pR. Expression is then induced by the addition of an inducer such as IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside), lactose or melibiose. Other inducers may be used and are described more fully elsewhere. See The Operon, eds Miller and Reznikoff (1978). Inducers may be used individually or in combination.

The plasmid preferably includes one or more of the following: a selectable antibiotic resistance sequence, a cer stability element, and a multiple cloning site. The construction of appropriate plasmids will be apparent to the scientist of ordinary skill. Examples of preferred plasmids comprising one or more of the above features are illustrated by the pZT7#3-series of plasmids in the accompanying Figures. These were constructed starting from a vector pZEN0042 disclosed (as pICI0042) in our European Patent Application No. 0 502 637 (ICI). The 3-series plasmids of this invention include pZT7#3.0, pZT7#3.1, pZT7#3.2 and pZT7#3.3. A particularly preferred plasmid of this invention is the pZT7#3.3 plasmid.

The chromosomal copy of the T7 RNA polymerase gene, for example under lac UV5 control, is preferably introduced into the host cells via the λ bacteriophage construct, λDE3, obtainable from Novagen. The T7 RNA polymerase expression cassette may also be delivered to the cell by infection with a specialised bacteriophage λ transducing phage that carries the gene (CE6, U.S. Pat. No. 4,952, 496.

Compatible plasmids such as pLysS and pLysE (also available from Novagen) may also be introduced into the expression host. These plasmids encode T7 lysozyme, which is a natural and selective inhibitor of T7 RNA polymerase, and thus reduces its ability to transcribe target genes in uninduced cells. pLysS hosts produce low amounts of T7 lysozyme, while pLysE hosts produce much more enzyme and therefore provide more stringent control.

Any convenient compatible prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell may be used. The most commonly used prokaryotic hosts are strains of E.coli, although other prokaryotic hosts such as Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marsescens, Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa may also be used. Mammalian (e.g. Chinese hamster ovary cells) or other eukaryotic host cells such as those of yeast (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Schizosaccharomyces poinbe or Kluyveroromyces lactis), filamentous fungi, plant, insect, amphibian or ovarian species may also be useful. A particular host organism is a bacterium, preferably E. coli (e.g. K12 or B strains).

Any convenient growth medium may be used depending on the host organism used. For E.coli, practice of this invention includes, but is not limited to complex growth media such as L-broth or minimal growth media such as M9 (described hereinafter).

The invention will now be illustrated but not limited by reference to the following detailed description Examples, Tables and Figures wherein:

Table 1 gives details of plasmids expressing h-TNFα used in the Examples. Tables 2-4 gives details of vectors used in the Examples and their relative performance.

Table 5 gives details of the composition of M9 minimal growth medium.

Table 6 gives details of h-TNFα expression in various growth media.

Table 7 gives details of host/transformation efficiencies for vectors used in the Examples.

Table 8 gives details of DNase 1 productivity in conjunction with the pZT7#3.3:DNase 1 vector.

Tables 9-11 give details of accumulation levels for LAR d1 (aa1275-1623), ZAP70 (4-260) 6HIS and MCP-1 {9-76} used in the Examples.

Table 12 shows the sequences of oligonucleotides used in the construction of pZT7#3.3 and intermediate vectors.

Table 13 shows the nucleic acid sequence of hTNFα.

Table 14 shows the ZAP70 (4-260) 6HIS nucleic acid sequence.

Table 15 shows the LAR d1 (aa1275-1623) nucleic acid sequence.

Table 16 shows the bovine pancreatic DNase 1 nucleic acid sequence.

Table 17 shows the human carboxypeptidase B (mutant D253>K) 6His cmyc sequence.

Table 18 shows various E. coli expression strains.

Table 19 shows the human monocyte chemotactic protein MCP-1 {9-76} sequence.

Table 20 shows the A5B7 F(ab′)₂ nucleic acid sequence.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the pZEN0042 plasmid.

FIG. 2 shows the construction of pZEN0042#a from pZEN0042.

FIG. 3 shows the pZEN0042#b plasmid.

FIG. 4 shows the pZEN0042#c plasmid.

FIG. 5 shows the pZEN0042#d plasmid.

FIG. 6 shows the pZEN0042#e plasmid.

FIG. 7 shows the pZT7#2.0 plasmid.

FIG. 8 shows the pZT7#2.1 plasmid.

FIG. 9 shows the pZT7#3.0 plasmid of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows the pZT7#3.2 plasmid of the invention.

FIG. 11 shows the pZT7#3.1 plasmid of the invention.

FIG. 12 shows the pZT7#3.3 plasmid of the invention.

FIG. 13 shows the peak specific productivity attained at various IPTG concentrations.

FIG. 14 shows the maximum hTNFα accumulation level attained at various IPTG concentrations.

FIG. 15 shows the accumulation of biologically active CPB[D253K]-6His-cmyc (as μg active material/L of culture) attained at various IPTG concentrations.

FIG. 16 shows the accumulation in the periplasm of E.coli of biologically active A5B7(Fab′)₂/A5B7(Fab′) (as mg active material/L of culture) attained at various IPTG concentrations.

SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION 1. Generation of pZT7 Series Vectors

The starting vector for generation of pZT7#3.3 was pZEN0042, described fully in our European Patent Application, Publication No. 0502637. Briefly, this vector contains the tetA/tetR inducible tetracycline resistance sequence from plasmid RP4 and the cer stability sequence from plasmid pKS492 in a pAT153 derived background (FIG. 1).

1(i) Cloning of lac I

The sequence of lac I including the lac repressor coding sequence and lac I promoter was generated by polymerase chain reaction using genomic DNA prepared from E.coli strain MSD 101 (W3110). Nsi I restriction endonuclease sites were generated at both ends of the sequence by incorporation into the PCR primers #1 and.

#2 (Table 12). The PCR product obtained was digested with Nsi I and cloned into pZEN0042 at the Pst I site (Pst I and Nsi I have compatible cohesive ends resulting in both sites being destroyed). Both orientations of lac I were obtained. A clone with a correct sequence lac I in the anti-clockwise orientation was identified (=pZEN0042#a) (FIG. 2).

1(ii) Cloning of Polylinker

A new multiple cloning site was generated in pZEN0042#a to allow subsequent cloning of the T7 expression cassette. This was achieved by digesting pZEN0042#a with EcoR I and BamH I and ligating with annealed, synthetic oligomers #3 and #4 (Table 12).

The polylinker of the resulting vector, pZEN0042#b, had the following restriction sites: EcoRI-Nde I-Kpn I-Sca I-Spe I-BamH I-Xho I-Pst I-Hind III-Bgl II.

pZEN0042#b is shown in FIG. 3.

Cloning of T7 Expression Elements

2(i) T7 Terminator

The T7 terminator sequence from T7 gene 10 was cloned as annealed synthetic oligomers #5 and #6 (Table 12) between the Hind III and Bgl II sites of pZEN0042#b to generate ZEN0042#c (FIG. 4).

2(ii) tRNA^(arg5)

The tRNA^(arg5) transcriptional reporter sequence (Lopez, et al, (1994), NAR 22, 1186-193, and NAR 22, 2434) was cloned as annealed synthetic oligomers #7 and #8 (Table 12) tween the Xho I and Pst I sites in pZEN0042#c to generate pZEN0042#d (FIG. 5).

2(iii) Upstream Terminator

As the tetA sequence has no recognisable terminator, a T4 terminator sequence was cloned upstream of the EcoR I site to reduce potential transcriptional readthrough from tetA (or any other unidentified promoter sequence) into the T7 expression cassette (to be cloned downstrem of the EcoR I site). Annealed synthetic oligomers #9 and #10 (Table 12) containing the T4 terminator sequence and an additional Nco I site were cloned between the Stu I and EcoR I sites in pZEN0042#d to generate pZEN0042#e (FIG. 6).

2(iv) T7 lac Promoter

The T7 promoter and lac operator sequence was cloned as annealed synthetic oligonucleotides #11 and #12 (Table 12) between the EcoR I and Nde I sites of pZEN0042#e to generate pZT7#2.0 (FIG. 7). This configuration of T7 promoter and lac operator is equivalent to pET11a.

2(v) T7 Promoter with Perfect Palindrome Operator

The T7 gene 10 promoter incorporating a perfect palindrome lac operator sequence (Simons et al (1984), PNAS 81,1624-1628) was cloned as annealed synthetic oligomers #13 and #14 (Table 12) between the EcoR I and Nde I sites of pZEN0042#e to generate pZT7#2.1 (FIG. 8).

2(vi) Upstream lac Operator

A second native lac operator sequence was cloned 94 base pairs upstream of the lac operator sequence in pT7#2.0 as annealed synthetic oligomers #15 and #16 (Table 12) between the Nco I and EcoR I sites of pZT7#2.0 to generate pZT7#3.0 (FIG. 9).

The same lac operator sequence was cloned similarly into pZT7#2.1 to generate pZT7#3.2 (FIG. 10).

2(vii) Upstream Perfect Palindrome lac Operator

A perfect palindrome operator sequence was positioned 94 bp upstream of the lac operator sequence of pZT7#2.0 by cloning of annealed synthetic oligomers #17 and #18 (Table 12) between the Nco I and EcoR I sites of pZT7#2.0 to generate pZT7#3.1 (FIG. 11).

The same perfect palindrome operator sequence was cloned similarly into pZT7#2.1 to generate pZT7#3.3 (FIG. 12).

3. Generation of Test Constructs

pET11a

T7 expression vector pET11a was obtained from Novagen Inc and used as a control for the testing of the pZT7 vectors

3(i) hTNFα

An Nde I-BamH I DNA fragment containing the coding sequence of human TNFα was cloned between the Nde I and BamH I sites in vectors pZT7#2.0, pZT7#2.1, pZT7#3.0, pZT7#3.1, pZT7#3.2, pZT7#3.3 and pET11a. The sequence cloned is shown in Table 13

3(ii) ZAP70 (4-260) 6HIS

A DNA fragment encoding amino acids 4-260 of human protein tyrosine kinase ZAP70 with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag sequence was subcloned as a Nde I-Bgl II fragment between the Nde I and BamH I cloning sites of pET11a and pZTF7#3.3. The sequence cloned is shown in Table 14.

3(iii) LAR d1 (aa1275-1623)

The leukocyte antigen related protein tyrosine phosphatase domain 1 (aa1275-1613) was subcloned as a Nde I-Bgl II fragment into pET11a and pZT7#3.3 (Nde I-BamH I). The sequence cloned is shown in Table 15.

3(iv) Human Carboxypeptidase B (Mutant D253>K) 6His cmyc

The coding sequence of a mutant human carboxypeptidase (D253>K) with a C-terminal hexahistidine cmyc tag sequence was placed downstream of the Erwinia carotovora pel B secretory leader sequence and cloned into pZT7#3.3 and pET11a. The sequence cloned is shown in Table 17

3(v) Bovine Pancreatic DNase 1

The coding sequence of bovine pancreatic DNase I was cloned as an Nde I-Bgl II fragment between the Nde I and BamH I sites in pZT7#3.3. The sequence cloned is shown in Table 16.

This sequence could not be cloned without mutation in pET11a.

However, a bovine pancreatic DNase 1 sequence had previously been cloned into pET11 (not pET11a) (Doherty et al (1993) Gene, 136, pp337-340). In this construct the 5′ untranslated region including the ribosome binding site is derived from the native bovine pancreatic DNase 1 sequence rather than from T7 gene 10 as in pT7#3.3. This construct, pAD10, was used as a control for pT7#3.3.

3(vi) Human Monocyte Chemotactic Protein MCP-1 {aa9-76}

The coding sequence of human monocyte chemotactic protein (aa9-76) was cloned between the Nde I and BamH I sites of pZT7#3.3 and pET11a. The sequence cloned is shown in Table 19.

3(vii) A5B7 F(ab′)₂

The coding sequence of A5B7 F(ab′)₂ was placed downstream of the Erwinia carotovora pel B secretory leader sequence and cloned between the Nde I and BamH I sites of pZT7#3.3 and pET11a. The sequence cloned is shown in Table 20.

4. Generation of Host Strains for T7 Expression

A λDE3 lysogenisation kit was obtained from Novagen Inc and used according to the instructions to generate T7 expression hosts from the E.coli strains listed in Table 18. Plasmids pLysS and pLysE and E.coli expression hosts BL21 and BL21(DE3) were obtained from Novagen Inc.

EXAMPLE 1

E.coli strains BL21(DE3), BL21(DE3) pLysS, BL21(DE3) pLysE were transformed separately with plasmids (described below , Table 1) expressing human TNFα. The resultant recombinant strains were purified and maintained in glycerol stocks at −80° C. Host strains BL21(DE3), BL21(DE3) pLysS and BL21(DE3)pLysE are used extensively in the art and are freely available to the public, for example, from Novagen Inc (Madison, USA). The genotype of BL21(DE3) is F⁻, ompT, hsdS_(B)(r_(B) ⁻m_(B) ⁻), gal, dcm, (DE3).

TABLE I Recombinant Host Plasmid Description Designation No BL21(DE3) pZen1798 pET11a:TNFα BL21(DE3) pZen1798 BL21(DE3) pZen1830 pZT7#2.0:TNFα BL21(DE3) pZen1830 BL21(DE3) pZen1832 pZT7#2.1:TNFα BL21(DE3) pZen1832 BL21(DE3) pZen1835 pZT7#3.0:TNFα BL21(DE3) pZen1835 BL21(DE3) pZen1836 pZ17#3.1:TNFα BL21(DE3) pZen1836 BL21(DE3) pZen1826 pZT7#3.2:TNFα BL21(DE3) pZen1826 BL21(DE3) pZen1827 pZT7#3.3:TNFα BL21(DE3) pZen1827 BL21(DE3) pLysS pZen1798 pET11a:TNFα BL21(DE3) pLysS/pZen1798 BL21(DE3) pLysE pZen1798 pET11a:TNFα BL21(DE3) pLysE/pZen1798 BL21(DE3) pLysS pZen1830 pZT7#2.0:TNFα BL21(DE3) pLysS/pZen1830 BL21(DE3) pLysE pZen1830 pZT7#2.0:TNFα BL21(DE3) pLysE/pZen1830

An aliquot of each recombinant strain was removed from stock and streaked onto L-agar plates (supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) and/or chloramphenicol (1 μg/ml) to maintain selection as appropriate) and incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. An aliquot of each culture was then resuspended in 10 ml of sterile PBS (phosphate buffered saline solution; 8 g/L sodium chloride, 0.2 g/L potassium chloride, 0.2 g/L potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate, 1.15 g/L magnesium chloride) and used to inoculate to OD₅₅₀=0.1 each of two 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml of L-broth (10 g/L tryptone (Difco), 5 g/L yeast extract (Difco), 5 g/L sodium chloride; pH 7.2) supplemented with tetracycline (10 μg/ml) or ampicillin (50 μg/ml) and/or chloramphenicol (1 μg/ml) as appropriate. The flasks were then incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocating shaker. Growth was monitored until OD₅₅₀=0.4-0.5. At this point cultures were induced by adding the inducer, IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside), to a final concentration of 1 mM to one flask from each set (of two) for each recombinant strain. The second flask was not induced. Both flasks for each recombinant strain were incubated under the conditions described above for a further 24 h. The accumulation level of hTNFα in the induced cultures was determined by laser densitometry scanning of Coomassie blue stained gels following SDS-PAGE of the sampled bacteria. The basal accumulation level of hTNFα in the un-induced cultures was determined by Western blot analysis (using an anti-hTNFα antibody) following SDS-PAGE of the sampled bacteria. The accumulation level in terms of molecules of hTNFα per cell was then determined by laser densitometry scanning of the blots (prepared using known standards together with the “unknowns”) as is well established in the art. The results are summarised below (Table 2).

TABLE 2 hTNFα: Accumulation level: Basal and Induced Basal Basal Induced VECTOR Operator⁽¹⁾ % TMP⁽²⁾ mol/cell⁽³⁾ % TMP⁽²⁾ pET11a single 3.06 98000 30 native lacO pZT7#2.0 single 2.66 85000 33 native lacO pZT7#3.0 dual 0.14 4500 31 native lacO pZT7#2.1 single 1.22 39000 33 ppop lacO pZT7#3.1 dual 0.59 19000 37 ppop/native lacO pZT7#3.2 dual 0.08 2400 39 native/ppo p lacO pZT7#3.3 dual ppop 0.016 500 44 lacO pET11a/pLysS single 0.045 1400 2.2 native lacO pET11a/pLysE single 0.025 800 0.21 native lacO pZT7#2.0/pLysS single 0.02 600 1.2 native lacO pZT7#2.0/pLysE single nd⁽⁴⁾ nd⁽⁴⁾ 0.15 native lacO ⁽¹⁾described more fully in the text ⁽²⁾TMP = Total Microbial Protein ⁽³⁾mol/cell = molecules of hTNFα per cell; detection limit: 250 molecules/cell ⁽⁴⁾nd = not detected (Western blot)

The data presented above clearly shows that the level of basal expression of a heterologous protein is still high using the current established art (single native lac operator: vectors pET11a/pZT7#2.0). Basal expression can be reduced with pET11a/pZT7#2.0 expression systems by use of host strains co-transformed with plasmids expressing T7 lysozyme (pLysS/pLysE). However, the induced productivity is severely compromised.

Surprisingly, the dual native lac operator sequence works with a T7 promoter driven system reducing basal expression levels significantly whilst not influencing induced productivity.

More surprisingly, the dual perfect palindrome operator performs the best in reducing basal expression levels yet further without compromising induced productivity. This is totally unexpected given that the use of a single perfect palindrome operator with a T7 promoter driven system does not yield a significant improvement in reducing basal expression. Other combinations of the native and ppop lac operators may also be used e.g. pZT7#3.2 and pZT7#3.1.

EXAMPLE 2

E.coli strains MSD 623(DE3), MSD 624(DE3), MSD 68(DE3), MSD 101(DE3) and MSD 522(DE3)—see Table 18, were transformed separately with plasmids pET11a:TNF, pZT7#2.0:TNF, pZT7#2.1:TNF, pZT7#3.0:TNF, pZT7#3.1:TNF, pZT7#3.2:TNF and pZT7#3.3:TNF expressing human TNFα (described previously (Table 1)). The resultant recombinant strains were purified and maintained in glycerol stocks at −80° C. The level of basal and induced expression/accumulation of hTNFα was determined exactly as described in Example 1. The basal (un-induced) and IPTG induced level of hTNFα expression/accumulation are summarised below in Table 3 and 4 respectively. The data obtained using host strain BL21(DE3), described in Example 1, is included for reference.

TABLE 3 Host Strain/Basal hTNFα accumulation level: molecules per cell* BL21 MSD623 MSD624 MSD68 MSD101 MSD522 VECTOR (DE3) (DE3) (DE3) (DE3) (DE3) (DE3) pET11a 98000 7600 4200 2300 4300 6500 pZT7#2.0 85000 7000 2800 3000 5300 3000 pZT7#2.1 39000 5000 2000 1300 3300 2500 pZT7#3.0 4500 650 300 250 400 700 pZT7#3.1 19000 100 400 300 900 800 pZT7#3.2 2400 1000 300 250 400 350 pZT7#3.3 500 800 400 250 300 800 *Detection limit: 250 molecules/cell.

TABLE 4 Host Strain/hTNFα accumulation after induction (%TMP)* BL21 MSD623 MSD624 MSD68 MSD101 MSD522 VECTOR (DE3) (DE3) (DE3) (DE3) (DE3) (DE3) pET11a 30 33 29 37 32 34 pZT7#2.0 33 29 33 33 38 16 pZT7#2.1 33 36 46 47 44 47 pZT7#3.0 31 28 39 36 34 36 pZT7#3.1 37 27 38 37 38 36 pZT7#3.2 39 32 48 47 43 42 pZT7#3.3 44 38 48 47 45 39 *TMP = Total Microbial Protein

The data presented above show that pZT7#3.0, pZT7#3.1, pZT7#3.2 and pZT7#3.3 decrease the level of basal expression (compared to pET11a/pZT7#2.0) with all host strains tested without adversely influencing the induced productivity. pZT7#3.3 is consistently superior for all host strains tested.

EXAMPLE 3

Aliquots of E.coli strains MSD 101(DE3) pZen1798 (pET11a:TNF) and MSD 101(DE3) pZen1827 (pZT7#3.3:TNF) from glycerol stocks at −80° C. were streaked onto plates of L-agar (supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate to maintain selection) and incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. An aliquot of each culture was then resuspended in 10 ml of sterile PBS and used to inoculate, to OD₅₅₀=0.1, 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml of:

1. L-broth (no glucose),

2. L-broth+1 g/L glucose,

3. M9 minimal medium with 2 g/L glucose, and

4. M9 minimal medium with 4 g/L glycerol.

All the growth media used above were supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate. The composition of M9 minimal medium is given in Table 5 below. The composition of L-broth medium has been described previously.

TABLE 5 Composition of M9 minimal medium Component g/L deionised water* di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate 6.0 potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate 3.0 ammonium chloride 1.0 sodium chloride 0.5 magnesium sulphate hepta-hydrate 1 mM calcium chloride di-hydrate 0.1 mM thiamine 4 μg/ml casein hydrolysate (Oxoid L41) 0.2 * Final pH adjusted to pH 7.0

The flasks were then incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocating shaker for 24 hours. The basal accumulation level of hTNFα in the un-induced cultures (summarised below in Table 6) was determined exactly as previously described.

TABLE 6 Growth medium/Basal hTNFα accumulation level (molecules per cell)* L-broth L-broth M9 minimal M9 minimal VECTOR no glucose 1 g/L glucose 2 g/L glucose 4 g/L glycerol pET11a 58000 24000 5100 64000 pZT7#3.3 320 250 <250 <250 *Detection limit: 250 molecules/cell

This example demonstrates the wide utility of vector pZT7#3.3. Whereas pET11a shows growth medium dependant repression of expression, vector pZT7#3.3 in sharp contrast shows tight repression in both L-broth and M9 minimal growth media. This was surprising and totally unexpected. L-broth and M9 minimal growth media represent the two basic forms of microbial growth media: complex (L-broth) and minimal salts (M9).

EXAMPLE 4

The utility of vector pZT7#3.3 for the cloning and overproduction of toxic proteins is exemplified in this example using recombinant bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNase 1). Host strains BL21 (non-expressing host background) and BL21(DE3) (expressing background) were transformed as follows. Competant cells prepared using the CaCl₂ method (Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, 1989, “Molecular Cloning”, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbour Press, New York) were transformed with a range of plasmid DNA concentrations using the “heat shock” method (Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, 1989, “Molecular Cloning”, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbour Press, New York) with pZen2006 (pAD10, the pET11 derivative expressing DNase 1 described previously), pZen 1980 (pZT7#3.3:DNase 1) and pZen1827 (pZT7#3.3:TNF) expressing hTNFα (used as a control: relatively non-toxic gene product). The transformation efficiency of each host-plasmid combination was determined as is well described in the art. The results are summarised below in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Host/Transformation Efficiency: transformants/μg plasmid DNA* BL21: non expressing BL21(DE3): expressing VECTOR background background pET11a no clones pAD10 2.2 × 10⁵ 120 Dnase 1 (+/−2.2 × 10⁴) (+/−170) pZT7#3.3 2.7 × 10⁵ 3.7 × 10⁵ Dnase 1 (+/−3.6 × 10⁴) (+/−1.4 × 10⁴) pZT7#3.3 2.5 × 10⁵ 3.5 × 10⁵ hTNFα (+/−3.7 × 10⁴) (+/−6.4 × 10⁴) *Data from three separate experiments (n = 3)

The above data clearly exemplifies the tight control of basal expression that is achieved using pZT7#3.3. The results show that pZT7#3.3:DNase 1 is sufficiently repressed to support transfer into a cell expressing T7 RNA polymerase (BL21(DE3)) without a deleterious effect on cell viability. Transformation efficiencies achieved are equivalent to those obtained with transformation into BL21(no T7 RNA polymerase) or to those with a relatively non-toxic gene product pZT7#3.3:hTNFα. If expression of DNase 1 had been leaky the cells would have been killed. This is in contrast to the results obtained with pET11a and pAD10. It will be clearly evident to those experienced in the art how pZT7#3.3 may be used to circumvent the problem of the deleterious effect that a heterologous protein can have on growth and productivity of recombinant cells.

The expression/accumulation of DNase 1 using BL21(DE3) pZen1980 (pZT7#3.3:DNase 1) was determined by taking single colony of a BL21(DE3) pZen1980 transformant from the experiment described above and using this to inoculate a single Erlenmeyer flask containing 75 ml of L-broth (1 g/L glucose, 10 μg/ml tetracycline). The flask was incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocating shaker for 16 hours. This culture was then used to inoculate fresh L-broth (1 g/L glucose, 10 μg/ml tetracycline) to OD₅₅₀=0.1. The flask was then incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocating shaker until the growth reached OD₅₅₀=0.5. The culture was then induced by adding IPTG (0.5 mM final) and the incubation continued, under the conditions described, for a further 4 hours. The cells were harvested and the cell pellet stored at −20° C. The cell pellet was thawed and resuspended (10% w/v (wet weight)) in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris; pH 7.6, 2 mM calcium chloride, 100 μM benzamidine and 100 μM phenylmethylsulfonyl flouride (PMSF)). The cell suspension was then sonicated (20-30 second bursts followed by a period on ice) until examination of the suspension by light microscopy indicated >95% cell breakage. The cell debris was removed by centrifugation (4° C., 25000×g, 20 minutes) and DNase 1 activity in the supernatant determined by adding 100 μl of the cleared supernatant to 1 ml of Kunitz assay buffer (10 mM Tris; pH 8.0, 0.1 mM calcium chloride, 1 mM magnesium chloride and 50 μg calf thymus DNA). One “Kunitz Unit” is that amount of DNase 1 that causes an increase in the A_(260nm) of 0.001/min. The results are summarised below in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Growth OD₅₅₀ Dnase 1 Activity: Kunitz Units Host/Vector at harvest per litre of culture BL21(DE3) pZen1980 4.0 2 × 10⁵ (pZT7#3.3:DNase 1)

Doherty et al (Gene, 1993, 136, pp337-340) found that on transformation of BL21(DE3) with pAD10, no viable bacterial colonies were obtained. This is essentially similar (given the standard deviation in the data) to our observations (described above in Table 7). Even with BL21(DE3) pLysS, Doherty et al found that transformants had poor viability when transferred to liquid media. In sharp contrast BL21(DE3) transformed with pZen1980 (pZT7#3.3:DNase 1) achieves high transformation efficiencies which are equivalent to those achieved using a non-expressing host background and moreover BL21(DE3) pZen2980 transformants demonstrate high viability in liquid culture and retain the ability to express biologically active DNase 1 even after sub-culture.

EXAMPLE 5

Aliquots of E.coli strains MSD 101(DE3) pZen1798 (pET11a:TNF) and MSD 101(DE3) pZen1827 (pZT7#3.3:TNF) from glycerol stocks at −80° C. were streaked onto plates of L-agar (supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate to maintain selection) and incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. An aliquot of each culture was used to inoculate each of two 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml of M9 minimal medium (2 g/L glucose supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate). The cultures were incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours on a reciprocal shaker and used to inoculate separately to OD₅₅₀=0.1 each of five 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks containing 600 m/l of M9 minimal medium (2 g/L glucose supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate). The composition of M9 minimal medium is given in Table 5. The flasks were incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocal shaker and the growth monitored periodically by measuring the OD₅₅₀ of the culture. When the growth reached OD₅₅₀=0.5 the cultures were induced by adding the inducer IPTG to each flask (0.25 mM, 0.075 mM, 0.05 mM, 0,025 mM and 0.01 mM (final)). The incubation was continued under the conditions described for a further 10 hours during which samples were taken for measurement of growth, accumulation of hTNFα and total microbial protein within the bacterial cells. The accumulation level of hTNFα was measured by scanning Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE gels of whole cell lysates of the sampled bacteria as is well known in the art. The level of total microbial protein was determined using the BCA Protein Assay Reagent (Pierce, Rockford, Ill. used in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. The accumulation level of biomass was determined by calculating the dry weight of the biomass from the OD₅₅₀ measurements as is well established in the art. The specific productivity (Q_(p)) of hTNFα (mg hTNFα produced per gram dry weight cells per hour) was calculated for each sample point during the induction period using protocols well established in the art. The Q_(p(max)) (peak specific productivity) and maximum hTNFα accumulation level (% total microbial protein) attained with each IPTG concentration used for induction) are summarised in FIGS. 13 and 14 respectively (*TMP=Total microbial protein).

These results show that adding IPTG to the medium at increasing concentrations induces expression in a dose-dependant manner with pZT7#3.3. However, with pET11a expression is induced to near maximum levels even at very low concentrations of inducer. It will be evident how this surprising and unexpected property of pZT7#3.3 allows those skilled in the art to control production of heterologous proteins over a wide range of expression levels so that an optimum level of expression can be identified. This is exemplified by Examples 9 and 10.

EXAMPLE 6

E.coli strains BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3) pLysS were transformed separately with plasmid pZen1911 (pET11a:LARd1(1275-1613) expressing LARd1(1275-1613). E.coli strains MSD460(DE3) and MSD460(DE3) pLysS were transformed separately with plasmid pZen1914 (pET11a:ZAP70(4-260)-6His) expressing ZAP70(4-260)-6His. The resultant recombinant strains were purified and maintained in glycerol stocks at −80° C. An aliquot of each culture was removed from stock and streaked separately on to L-agar plates (supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or ampicillin (50 μg/ml) and chloramphenicol (1 μg/ml) as appropriate to maintain selection) to separate single colonies after growth for 16 hours at 37° C. A single colony of each culture was then inoculated separately into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml of L-broth (+1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or ampicillin (50 μg/ml) and chloramphenicol (1 μg/ml)) as appropriate). The flasks were incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocating shaker for 16 hours. Each of these seeder cultures was then used to inoculate separately 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml L-broth (1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or ampicillin (50 μg/ml) and chloramphenicol (1 μg/ml)) as appropriate) to OD₅₅₀=0.1. The flasks were then incubated at 20° C. on a reciprocating shaker until the growth reached OD₅₅₀=0.5. The cultures were then induced by adding IPTG (0.5 mM for LARd1(1275-1613) and 2 mM for ZAP70(4-260)-6His) and the incubation continued, under the conditions described, for a further 24 hours. LAR d1(1275-1613) and ZAP70(4-260)-6His accumulation was measured in the seeder cultures and IPTG induced cultures described above by scanning Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE gels of whole cell lysates of the sampled bacteria as is well known in the art. The results are summarised below in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Accumulation level % TMP* BASAL: (seeder HOST STRAIN PLASMID culture) INDUCED LARd1(1275-1613) BL21(DE3) pZen1911 18   40 BL21(DE3) pZen1911 nd⁽¹⁾ 13 pLysS ZAP70(4-260)-6His MSD460(DE3) pZen1914 0.4 12 MSD460(DE3) pZen1914 nd⁽¹⁾ nd⁽¹⁾ pLysS *TMP: Total microbial protein ⁽¹⁾not detected on Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE gels

This example further exemplifies the poor performance of pET11a in terms of high basal expression. Reducing basal expression in the absence of inducer using pLysS reduces the-level of basal expression but adversely influences induced productivity.

EXAMPLE 7

E.coli strain BL21(DE3) was transformed separately with plasmids pZen1977 (pET11a:MCP-1(9-76)) and pZen1848 (pZT7#3.3:MCP-1(9-76)) expressing MCP-1(9-76). The resultant recombinant strains were purified and maintained in glycerol stocks at −80° C. An aliquot of each culture was removed from stock and streaked separately on to L-agar plates (supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate to maintain selection) to separate single colonies after growth for 16 hours at 37° C. A single colony of each culture was then inoculated into each of two 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml of L-broth (+1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate). The flasks were incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocating shaker for 16 hours. Each of these cultures was then used to inoculate three 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml L-broth (1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate) to OD₅₅₀=0.1. The flasks were then incubated at 37° C., 30° C. and 20° C. on a reciprocating shaker until the growth reached OD₅₅₀=0.5. The cultures were then induced by adding IPTG (0.25 mM final) and the incubation continued, under the conditions described, for a further 5-24 hours. MCP-1(9-76) accumulation was measured by scanning Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE gels of whole cell lysates of the sampled bacteria as is well known in the art. Partitioning (solubility) of MCP-1(9-76) in the cytoplasmic (soluble) and pellet (insoluble) fractions of cells was determined by subjecting sampled bacteria to sonication lysis as is well known in the art. The results are summarised below in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Accumulation Temperature Induction MCP-1(9-76) Solubility VECTOR ° C. time (h) % TMP* % pET11a: 20 24 7 100 MCP-1(9-76) pET11a: 30 24 3 100 MCP-1(9-76) pET11a: 37 5 4 100 MCP-1(9-76) pZT7#3.3: 20 24 12 100 MCP-1(9-76) pZT7#3.3: 30 24 14 95 MCP-1(9-76) pZT7#3.3: 37 5 22 80 MCP-1(9-76) *TMP = Total microbial protein

The utility of vector pZT7#3.3 for high level soluble accumulation of MCP-1(9-76) is clearly evident from the data presented above.

EXAMPLE 8

E.coli strain MSD460(DE3) was transformed separately with plasmids pZen1914 (pET11a:ZAP70(4-260)-6His) and pZen1913 (pZT7#3.3:ZAP70(4-260)-6His) expressing ZAP70(4-260)-6His: The resultant recombinant strains were purified and maintained in glycerol stocks at −80° C. An aliquot of each culture was removed from stock and streaked separately on to L-agar plates (supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate to maintain selection) to separate single colonies after growth for 16 hours at 37° C. A single colony of each culture was then inoculated into each of two 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml of L-broth (+1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate). The flasks were incubated at 30° C. on a reciprocating shaker for 16 hours. Each of these cultures was then used to inoculate a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 75 ml L-broth (1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate) to OD₅₅₀=0.1. The flasks were then incubated at 20° C. on a reciprocating shaker until the growth reached OD₅₅₀=0.5. The cultures were then induced by adding IPTG (2 mM (final)) and the incubation continued under the conditions described, for a further 24 hours.

ZAP70(4-260)-6His accumulation after induction was measured by scanning Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE gels of whole cell lysates of the sampled bacteria as is well known in the art. Partitioning (solubility) of ZAP70(4-260)-6His in the cytoplasmic (soluble) and pellet (insoluble) fractions of cells was determined by subjecting sampled bacteria to sonication lysis as is well known in the art. The sonication lysis buffer included protease inhibitors (1 mM phenylmethylsulphonyl flouride (PMSF), 1 mM benzamidine and 1 mM iodoacetamide) to reduce proteolytic degradation of ZAP70(4-260)-6His during sample processing. The results are summarised below in Table 11.

TABLE 11 ZAP70(4-260)-6His Solubility Accumulation Solubility VECTOR % TMP* % pET11a: 11 <5 ZAP70(4-260)-6His pZT7#3.3: 11 70 ZAP70(4-260)-6His *TMP = Total microbial protein

The utility of vector pZT7#3.3 for the soluble accumulation of ZAP70(4-260)-6His is clearly exemplified by the data in the table above.

EXAMPLE 9

E.coli strain MSD624(DE3) was transformed separately with plasmids pZen1953 (pET11a:CPB[D253K]-6His-cmyc) and pZen1954 (pZT7#3.3:CPB[D253K]-6His-cmyc) expressing CPB[D253K]-6His-cmyc. The resultant recombinant strains were purified and maintained in glycerol stocks at −80° C. An aliquot of each culture was removed from stock and streaked separately on to L-agar plates (supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate to maintain selection) to separate single colonies after growth for 16 hours at 37° C. A single colony of each culture was then inoculated into each of two 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml of L-broth (+1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate). The flasks were incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocating shaker for 16 hours. Each of these cultures was then used to inoculate ten 2L Erlenmeyer flasks containing 600 ml L-broth (1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate) to OD₅₅₀=0.1. The flasks were then incubated at 20° C. on a reciprocating shaker until the growth reached OD₅₅₀=0.5. The cultures were then induced by adding IPTG (0.001, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.25 mM IPTG (final)) and the incubation continued, under the conditions described, for a further 48 hours. The cells were then harvested (4° C., 25000×g, 20 minutes) and subjected to osmotic shock cell fractionation (as is well known in the art) to isolate the cellular fraction containing proteins partitioned in the soluble E.coli periplasmic fraction. The accumulation of biologically active CPB[D253K]-6His-cmyc in the soluble E.coli periplasmic extract was determined by measuring the release of hippuric acid from the substrate hippuryl-L-glutamine as follows.

Cell free periplasmic extract (125 μl) was added to a test tube containing 100 μl 25 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5), 2.5 μl 100 mM zinc chloride and 0.5 mM substrate (hippuryl-L-glutamine). This was incubated at 37° C. for 24 hours. The reaction was stopped by adding 2501 μl “Stop solution” (40% methanol (HPLC grade), 60% 50 mM phosphate buffer (Sigma P8165), 0.2% w/v trichloroacetic acid. After mixing any precipitate formed was removed by centrifugation (4° C., 16000×g, 3 minutes). The amount of hippuric acid in the cleared supernatant was then determined using HPLC as is well established in the art.

The accumulation of biologically active CPB[D253K]-6His-cmyc was determined by reference to a standard curve prepared with purified active recombinant CPB[D253K]-6His-cmyc and hippuric acid (Sigma H6375).

The accumulation in the periplasm of E.coli of biologically active CPB[D253K]-6His-cmyc (as μg active material/L of culture) is presented in FIG. 15.

EXAMPLE 10

E.coli strain MSD624(DE3) was transformed separately with plasmids pZen1999 (pET11a:A5B7(Fab′)₂) and pZen1997 (pZT7#3.3: A5B7(Fab′₂) expressing A5B7(Fab′)₂. The resultant recombinant strains were purified and maintained in glycerol stocks at −80° C. An aliquot of each culture was removed from stock and streaked separately on to L-agar plates (supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate to maintain selection) to separate single colonies after growth for 16 hours at 37° C. A single colony of each culture was then inoculated into each of two 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 75 ml of L-broth (+1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate). The flasks were incubated at 37° C. on a reciprocating shaker for 16 hours. Each of these cultures was then used to inoculate thirteen 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks containing 600 ml L-broth (1 g/L glucose and ampicillin (50 μg/ml) or tetracycline (10 μg/ml) as appropriate) to OD₅₅₀=0.1. The flasks were then incubated at 20° C. on a reciprocating shaker until the growth reached OD₅₅₀=0.5. The cultures were then induced by adding IPTG (0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08,.0.09, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 mM IPTG (final)) and the incubation continued, under the conditions described, for a further 48 hours. The cells were then harvested (4° C., 25000×g, 20 minutes) and subjected to osmotic shock cell fractionation (as is well known in the art) to isolate the cellular fraction containing proteins partitioned in the soluble E.coli periplasmic fraction. The accumulation of biologically active A5B7(Fab′)₂/A5B7(Fab′) in the soluble E.coli periplasmic extract was estimated by determining the binding of A5B7(Fab′)₂/A5B7(Fab′) to human tumour carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in an ELISA assay. The accumulation in the periplasm of E.coli of biologically active A5B7(Fab′)₂/A5B7(Fab′) (as mg active material/L of culture) is presented in FIG. 16.

With both proteins (described in Examples 9 and 10 above), pZT7#3.3 accumulates higher levels of active product in the periplasm of E.coli than pET11a. The data presented in FIGS. 15-16 clearly demonstrates how the modulation characteristics of pZT7#3.3 can be exploited to optimise recombinant protein yields. These examples exemplify the use of pZT7#3.3 vector for secretion. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art how the basal level of expression/modulation of expression characteristics of pZT7#3.3 also facilitates the expression and accumulation of heterologous membrane proteins.

TABLE 12 PCR primer #1 (lac I 5′-3′) GATGCTATAATGCATGACACCATCGAATGGCGCAA SEQ ID NO:1 PCR primer #2 (lacI 3′-5′) CAGTATGCACAGTATGCATTTACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCTC SEQ ID NO:2 5′-3′ oligomer #3 AATTCcagaCATATGGTACCAGTACTctatACTAGTtgaaGGATCCatgcCTCGAGaacgCTGCA SEQ ID NO:3 GagctAAGCTTgacaAGATCTaa 3′-5′ oligomer #4 gatcttAGATCTtgtcAAGCTTagctCTGCAGcgttCTCGAGgcatGGATCCttcaACTAGT SEQ ID NO:4 atagAGTACTGGTACCATATGtctgG 5′-3′ oligomer #5 agcttAACAAAGCCCGAAAGGAAGCTGAGTTGGCTGCTGCCACCGCTGAGCAATAACTA SEQ ID NO:5 GCATAACCCCTTGGGGCCTCTAAACGGGTCTTGAGGGGTTTTTTGa 3′-5′ oligomer #6 gatctCAAAAAACCCCTCAAGACCCGTTTAGAGGCCCCAAGGGGTTATGCTAGTTATTG SEQ ID NO:6 CTCAGCGGTGGCAGCAGCCAACTCAGCTTCCTTTCGGGCTTTGTTa 5′-3′ oligomer #7 tcgagGCATTGTCCTCTTAGTTAAATGGATATAACGAGCCCCTCCTAAGGGCTAATTGCA SEQ ID NO:7 GGTTCGATTCCTGCAGGGGACTCCActgca 3′-5′ oligomer #8 gTGGAGTCCCCTGCAGGAATCGAACCTGCAATTAGCCCTTAGGAGGGGCTCGTTATAT SEQ ID NO:8 CCATTTAACTAAGAGGACAATGCc 5′-3′ oligomer #9 cctATTATATTACTAATTAATTGGGGACCCTAGAGGTCCCCTTTTTTATTTTAAAAccatgg SEQ ID NO:9 aaccaaccg 3′-5′ oligomer #10 aattcggttggttccatggTTTTAAAATAAAAAAGGGGACCTCTAGGGTCCCCAATTAATTAGTA SEQ ID NO:10 ATATAATagg 5′-3′ oligomer #11 aattcCGAAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTCCCCTCT SEQ ID NO:11 AGAAATAATTTTGTTTAACTTTAAGAAGGAGATATAca 3′-5′ oligomer #12 tatgTATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTAAACAAAATTATTTCTAGAGGGGAATTGTTATCCGC SEQ ID NO:12 TCACAATTCCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTAATTTCGg 5′-3′ oligomer #13 aattcCGAAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGAATTGTGAGCGCTCACAATTCCCCTCTA SEQ ID NO:13 GAAATAATTTTGTTTAACTTTAAGAAGGAGATATAca 3′-5′ oligomer #14 tatgTATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTAAACAAAATTATTTCTAGAGGGGAATTGTGAGCGCT SEQ ID NO:14 CACAATTCCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTAATTTCGg 5′-3′ oligomer #15 catggACTGGTTAACAACCAACCGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTCCTCCAAGAACAA SEQ ID NO:15 CCATCCTAGCAACACGGCGGTCCCCg 3′-5′ oligomer #16 aattcGGGGACCGCCGTGTTGCTAGGATGGTTGTTCTTGGAGGAATTGTTATCCGCTCAC SEQ ID NO:16 AATTCCGGTTGGTTGTTAACACGTc 5′-3′ oligomer #17 catggACGTGTTAACAACCAACCGGAATTGTGAGCGCTCACAATTCCATCCAAGAACAA SEQ ID NO:17 CCATCCTAGCAACACGGCGGTCCCCg 3′-5′ oligomer #18 aattcGGGGACCGCCGTGTTGCTAGGATGGTTGTTCTTGGATGGAATTGTGAGCGCTCAC SEQ ID NO:18 AATTCCGGTTGGTTGTTAACACGTC

TABLE 13 hTNFα sequence SEQ ID NOS: 19-20

TABLE 14 ZAP70 (4-260) 6HIS sequence SEQ ID NOS: 21-22

TABLE 15 LARd1 (aa1275-1623) sequence SEQ ID NOS: 25-26

TABLE 16 Bovine pancreatic DNase 1 sequence SEQ ID NOS: 25-26

TABLE 17 human carboxypeptidase B (mutant D253>K) 6His cmyc sequence SEQ ID NOS: 27-28

TABLE 19 Human monocyte chemotactic protein MCP-1 (9-76) sequence SEQ ID NOS: 29-30

TABLE 20 A5B7 F(ab′)₂sequences SEQ ID NOS: 31-32

32 35 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 1 GATGCTATAA TGCATGACAC CATCGAATGG CGCAA 35 41 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 2 CAGTATGCAC AGTATGCATT TACATTAATT GCGTTGCGCT C 41 88 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 3 AATTCCAGAC ATATGGTACC AGTACTCTAT ACTAGTTGAA GGATCCATGC CTCGAGAACG 60 CTGCAGAGCT AAGCTTGACA AGATCTAA 88 88 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 4 GATCTTAGAT CTTGTCAAGC TTAGCTCTGC AGCGTTCTCG AGGCATGGAT CCTTCAACTA 60 GTATAGAGTA CTGGTACCAT ATGTCTGG 88 105 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 5 AGCTTAACAA AGCCCGAAAG GAAGCTGAGT TGGCTGCTGC CACCGCTGAG CAATAACTAG 60 CATAACCCCT TGGGGCCTCT AAACGGGTCT TGAGGGGTTT TTTGA 105 105 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 6 GATCTCAAAA AACCCCTCAA GACCCGTTTA GAGGCCCCAA GGGGTTATGC TAGTTATTGC 60 TCAGCGGTGG CAGCAGCCAA CTCAGCTTCC TTTCGGGCTT TGTTA 105 90 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 7 TCGAGGCATT GTCCTCTTAG TTAAATGGAT ATAACGAGCC CCTCCTAAGG GCTAATTGCA 60 GGTTCGATTC CTGCAGGGGA CTCCACTGCA 90 82 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 8 GTGGAGTCCC CTGCAGGAAT CGAACCTGCA ATTAGCCCTT AGGAGGGGCT CGTTATATCC 60 ATTTAACTAA GAGGACAATG CC 82 71 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 9 CCTATTATAT TACTAATTAA TTGGGGACCC TAGAGGTCCC CTTTTTTATT TTAAAACCAT 60 GGAACCAACC G 71 75 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 10 AATTCGGTTG GTTCCATGGT TTTAAAATAA AAAAGGGGAC CTCTAGGGTC CCCAATTAAT 60 TAGTAATATA ATAGG 75 98 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 11 AATTCCGAAA TTAATACGAC TCACTATAGG GGAATTGTGA GCGGATAACA ATTCCCCTCT 60 AGAAATAATT TTGTTTAACT TTAAGAAGGA GATATACA 98 96 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 12 TATGTATATC TCCTTCTTAA AGTTAAACAA AATTATTTCT AGAGGGGAAT TGTTATCCGC 60 TCACAATTCC CCTATAGTGA GTCGTATTAA TTTCGG 96 97 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 13 AATTCCGAAA TTAATACGAC TCACTATAGG GGAATTGTGA GCGCTCACAA TTCCCCTCTA 60 GAAATAATTT TGTTTAACTT TAAGAAGGAG ATATACA 97 95 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 14 TATGTATATC TCCTTCTTAA AGTTAAACAA AATTATTTCT AGAGGGGAAT TGTGAGCGCT 60 CACAATTCCC CTATAGTGAG TCGTATTAAT TTCGG 95 85 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 15 CATGGACTGG TTAACAACCA ACCGGAATTG TGAGCGGATA ACAATTCCTC CAAGAACAAC 60 CATCCTAGCA ACACGGCGGT CCCCG 85 85 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 16 AATTCGGGGA CCGCCGTGTT GCTAGGATGG TTGTTCTTGG AGGAATTGTT ATCCGCTCAC 60 AATTCCGGTT GGTTGTTAAC ACGTC 85 85 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 17 CATGGACGTG TTAACAACCA ACCGGAATTG TGAGCGCTCA CAATTCCATC CAAGAACAAC 60 CATCCTAGCA ACACGGCGGT CCCCG 85 85 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 18 AATTCGGGGA CCGCCGTGTT GCTAGGATGG TTGTTCTTGG ATGGAATTGT GAGCGCTCAC 60 AATTCCGGTT GGTTGTTAAC ACGTC 85 492 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 19 CATATGGTAC GTAGCTCCTC TCGCACTCCG TCCGATAAGC CGGTTGCTCA TGTAGTTGCT 60 AACCCTCAGG CAGAAGGTCA GCTGCAGTGG CTGAACCGTC GCGCTAACGC CCTGCTGGCA 120 AACGGCGTTG AGCTCCGTGA TAACCAGCTC GTGGTACCTT CTGAAGGTCT GTACCTGATC 180 TATTCTCAAG TACTGTTCAA GGGTCAGGGC TGCCCGTCGA CTCATGTTCT GCTGACTCAC 240 ACCATCAGCC GTATTGCTGT ATCTTACCAG ACCAAAGTTA ACCTGCTGAG CGCTATCAAG 300 TCTCCGTGCC AGCGTGAAAC TCCCGAGGGT GCAGAAGCGA AACCATGGTA TGAACCGATC 360 TACCTGGGTG GCGTATTTCA ACTGGAGAAA GGTGACCGTC TGTCCGCAGA AATCAACCGT 420 CCTGACTATC TAGATTTCGC TGAATCTGGC CAGGTGTACT TCGGTATTAT CGCACTGTAA 480 TAATAAGGAT CC 492 492 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 20 GGATCCTTAT TATTACAGTG CGATAATACC GAAGTACACC TGGCCAGATT CAGCGAAATC 60 TAGATAGTCA GGACGGTTGA TTTCTGCGGA CAGACGGTCA CCTTTCTCCA GTTGAAATAC 120 GCCACCCAGG TAGATCGGTT CATACCATGG TTTCGCTTCT GCACCCTCGG GAGTTTCACG 180 CTGGCACGGA GACTTGATAG CGCTCAGCAG GTTAACTTTG GTCTGGTAAG ATACAGCAAT 240 ACGGCTGATG GTGTGAGTCA GCAGAACATG AGTCGACGGG CAGCCCTGAC CCTTGAACAG 300 TACTTGAGAA TAGATCAGGT ACAGACCTTC AGAAGGTACC ACGAGCTGGT TATCACGGAG 360 CTCAACGCCG TTTGCCAGCA GGGCGTTAGC GCGACGGTTC AGCCACTGCA GCTGACCTTC 420 TGCCTGAGGG TTAGCAACTA CATGAGCAAC CGGCTTATCG GACGGAGTGC GAGAGGAGCT 480 ACGTACCATA TG 492 807 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 21 CATATGCCCG CGGCGCACCT GCCCTTCTTC TACGGCAGCA TCTCGCGTGC CGAGGCCGAG 60 GAGCACCTGA AGCTGGCGGG CATGGCGGAC GGGCTCTTCC TGCTGCGCCA GTGCCTGCGC 120 TCGCTGGGCG GCTATGTGCT GTCGCTCGTG CACGATGTGC GCTTCCACCA CTTTCCCATC 180 GAGCGCCAGC TCAACGGCAC CTACGCCATT GCCGGCGGCA AAGCGCACTG TGGACCGGCA 240 GAGCTCTGCG AGTTCTACTC GCGCGACCCC GACGGGCTGC CCTGCAACCT GCGCAAGCCG 300 TGCAACCGGC CGTCGGGCCT CGAGCCGCAG CCGGGGGTCT TCGACTGCCT GCGAGACGCC 360 ATGGTGCGTG ACTACGTGCG CCAGACGTGG AAGCTGGAGG GCGAGGCCCT GGAGCAGGCC 420 ATCATCAGCC AGGCCCCGCA GGTGGAGAAG CTCATTGCTA CGACGGCCCA CGAGCGGATG 480 CCCTGGTACC ACAGCAGCCT GACGCGTGAG GAGGCCGAGC GCAAACTTTA CTCTGGGGCG 540 CAGACCGACG GCAAGTTCCT GCTGAGGCCG CGGAAGGAGC AGGGCACATA CGCCCTGTCC 600 CTCATCTATG GGAAGACGGT GTACCACTAC CTCATCAGCC AAGACAAGGC GGGCAAGTAC 660 TGCATTCCCG AGGGCACCAA GTTTGACACG CTCTGGCAGC TGGTGGAGTA TCTGAAGCTG 720 AAGGCGGACG GGCTCATCTA CTGCCTGAAG GAGGCCTGCC CCAACAGCAG TGCCAGCCAT 780 CACCATCACC ATCACTAATA AAGATCT 807 807 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 22 AGATCTTTAT TAGTGATGGT GATGGTGATG GCTGGCACTG CTGTTGGGGC AGGCCTCCTT 60 CAGGCAGTAG ATGAGCCCGT CCGCCTTCAG CTTCAGATAC TCCACCAGCT GCCAGAGCGT 120 GTCAAACTTG GTGCCCTCGG GAATGCAGTA CTTGCCCGCC TTGTCTTGGC TGATGAGGTA 180 GTGGTACACC GTCTTCCCAT AGATGAGGGA CAGGGCGTAT GTGCCCTGCT CCTTCCGCGG 240 CCTCAGCAGG AACTTGCCGT CGGTCTGCGC CCCAGAGTAA AGTTTGCGCT CGGCCTCCTC 300 ACGCGTCAGG CTGCTGTGGT ACCAGGGCAT CCGCTCGTGG GCCGTCGTAG CAATGAGCTT 360 CTCCACCTGC GGGGCCTGGC TGATGATGGC CTGCTCCAGG GCCTCGCCCT CCAGCTTCCA 420 CGTCTGGCGC ACGTAGTCAC GCACCATGGC GTCTCGCAGG CAGTCGAAGA CCCCCGGCTG 480 CGGCTCGAGG CCCGACGGCC GGTTGCACGG CTTGCGCAGG TTGCAGGGCA GCCCGTCGGG 540 GTCGCGCGAG TAGAACTCGC AGAGCTCTGC CGGTCCACAG TGCGCTTTGC CGCCGGCAAT 600 GGCGTAGGTG CCGTTGAGCT GGCGCTCGAT GGGAAAGTGG TGGAAGCGCA CATCGTGCAC 660 GAGCGACAGC ACATAGCCGC CCAGCGAGCG CAGGCACTGG CGCAGCAGGA AGAGCCCGTC 720 CGCCATGCCC GCCAGCTTCA GGTGCTCCTC GGCCTCGGCA CGCGAGATGC TGCCGTAGAA 780 GAAGGGCAGG TGCGCCGCGG GCATATG 807 1029 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 23 CATATGGTAC CAACCCACTC TCCGTCCTCT AAGGATGAGC AGTCGATCGG ACTGAAGGAC 60 TCCTTGCTGG CCCACTCCTC TGACCCTGTG GAGATGCGGA GGCTCAACTA CCAGACCCCA 120 GGTATGCGAG ACCACCCACC CATCCCCATC ACCGACCTGG CGGACAACAT CGAGCGCCTC 180 AAAGCCAACG ATGGCCTCAA GTTCTCCCAG GAGTATGAGT CCATCGACCC TGGACAGCAG 240 TTCACGTGGG AGAATTCAAA CCTGGAGGTG AACAAGCCCA AGAACCGCTA TGCGAATGTC 300 ATCGCCTACG ACCACTCTCG AGTCATCCTT ACCTCTATCG ATGGCGTCCC CGGGAGTGAC 360 TACATCAATG CCAACTACAT CGATGGCTAC CGCAAGCAGA ATGCCTACAT CGCCACGCAG 420 GGCCCCCTGC CCGAGACCAT GGGCGATTTC TGGAGAATGG TGTGGGAACA GCGCACGGCC 480 ACTGTGGTCA TGATGACACG GCTGGAGGAG AAGTCCCGGG TAAAATGTGA TCAGTACTGG 540 CCAGCCCGTG GCACCGAGAC CTGTGGCCTT ATTCAGGTGA CCCTGTTGGA CACAGTGGAG 600 CTGGCCACAT ACACTGTGCG CACCTTCGCA CTCCACAAGA GTGGCTCCAG TGAGAAGCGT 660 GAGCTGCGTC AGTTTCAGTT CATGGCCTGG CCAGACCATG GAGTTCCTGA GTACCCAACT 720 CCCATCCTGG CCTTCCTACG ACGGGTCAAG GCCTGCAACC CCCTAGACGC AGGGCCCATG 780 GTGGTGCACT GCAGCGCGGG CGTGGGCCGC ACCGGCTGCT TCATCGTGAT TGATGCCATG 840 TTGGAGCGGA TGAAGCACGA GAAGACGGTG GACATCTATG GCCACGTGAC CTGCATGCGA 900 TCACAGAGGA ACTACATGGT GCAGACGGAG GACCAGTACG TGTTCATCCA TGAGGCGCTG 960 CTGGAGGCTG CCACGTGCGG CCACACAGAG GTGCCTGCCC GCAACCTGTA TGCCCACTAA 1020 TGAAGATCT 1029 1029 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 24 AGATCTTCAT TAGTGGGCAT ACAGGTTGCG GGCAGGCACC TCTGTGTGGC CGCACGTGGC 60 AGCCTCCAGC AGCGCCTCAT GGATGAACAC GTACTGGTCC TCCGTCTGCA CCATGTAGTT 120 CCTCTGTGAT CGCATGCAGG TCACGTGGCC ATAGATGTCC ACCGTCTTCT CGTGCTTCAT 180 CCGCTCCAAC ATGGCATCAA TCACGATGAA GCAGCCGGTG CGGCCCACGC CCGCGCTGCA 240 GTGCACCACC ATGGGCCCTG CGTCTAGGGG GTTGCAGGCC TTGACCCGTC GTAGGAAGGC 300 CAGGATGGGA GTTGGGTACT CAGGAACTCC ATGGTCTGGC CAGGCCATGA ACTGAAACTG 360 ACGCAGCTCA CGCTTCTCAC TGGAGCCACT CTTGTGGAGT GCGAAGGTGC GCACAGTGTA 420 TGTGGCCAGC TCCACTGTGT CCAACAGGGT CACCTGAATA AGGCCACAGG TCTCGGTGCC 480 ACGGGCTGGC CAGTACTGAT CACATTTTAC CCGGGACTTC TCCTCCAGCC GTGTCATCAT 540 GACCACAGTG GCCGTGCGCT GTTCCCACAC CATTCTCCAG AAATCGCCCA TGGTCTCGGG 600 CAGGGGGCCC TGCGTGGCGA TGTAGGCATT CTGCTTGCGG TAGCCATCGA TGTAGTTGGC 660 ATTGATGTAG TCACTCCCGG GGACGCCATC GATAGAGGTA AGGATGACTC GAGAGTGGTC 720 GTAGGCGATG ACATTCGCAT AGCGGTTCTT GGGCTTGTTC ACCTCCAGGT TTGAATTCTC 780 CCACGTGAAC TGCTGTCCAG GGTCGATGGA CTCATACTCC TGGGAGAACT TGAGGCCATC 840 GTTGGCTTTG AGGCGCTCGA TGTTGTCCGC CAGGTCGGTG ATGGGGATGG GTGGGTGGTC 900 TCGCATACCT GGGGTCTGGT AGTTGAGCCT CCGCATCTCC ACAGGGTCAG AGGAGTGGGC 960 CAGCAAGGAG TCCTTCAGTC CGATCGACTG CTCATCCTTA GAGGACGGAG AGTGGGTTGG 1020 TACCATATG 1029 798 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 25 CATATGCTTA AGATCGCTGC TTTCAACATA CGTACCTTCG GTGAATCTAA AATGTCTAAC 60 GCTACGCTAG CATCTTACAT CGTACGCATC GTACGCCGTT ACGATATCGT TCTGATCCAG 120 GAAGTTCGCG ACTCTCACCT GGTTGCAGTT GGTAAACTTC TAGACTACCT GAACCAGGAC 180 GACCCGAACA CCTACCACTA CGTTGTTTCT GAACCCCTCG GGCGTAACTC TTACAAAGAA 240 CGGTACCTGT TCCTGTTCCG TCCGAACAAA GTTTCAGTAC TGGATACCTA CCAGTACGAC 300 GACGGATGCG AATCTTGCGG TAACGACTCT TTCTCCCGGG AACCGGCTGT TGTTAAATTC 360 TCGAGCCACT CTACCAAGGT TAAAGAGTTC GCTATCGTTG CTCTGCACAG CGCGCCGTCT 420 GACGCTGTTG CTGAAATCAA CTCTCTGTAC GACGTTTACC TGGACGTTCA GCAGAAATGG 480 CACCTGAACG ACGTCATGCT GATGGGTGAC TTCAACGCTG ACTGCTCTTA TGTAACCTCT 540 TCTCAGTGGT CATCGATTCG TCTGCGCACC TCGTCGACCT TCCAGTGGCT GATCCCGGAC 600 TCCGCTGACA CCACCGCTAC TAGTACCAAC TGCGCTTACG ACCGTATCGT TGTTGCTGGA 660 TCCCTGCTGC AGTCTTCTGT TGTACCGGGT AGCGCGGCCC CGTTCGACTT CCAGGCTGCG 720 TATGGTCTTT CGAACGAAAT GGCGCTGGCC ATCTCTGATC ACTACCCGGT TGAGGTTACC 780 CTGACCTAAT AGAGATCT 798 798 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 26 AGATCTCTAT TAGGTCAGGG TAACCTCAAC CGGGTAGTGA TCAGAGATGG CCAGCGCCAT 60 TTCGTTCGAA AGACCATACG CAGCCTGGAA GTCGAACGGG GCCGCGCTAC CCGGTACAAC 120 AGAAGACTGC AGCAGGGATC CAGCAACAAC GATACGGTCG TAAGCGCAGT TGGTACTAGT 180 AGCGGTGGTG TCAGCGGAGT CCGGGATCAG CCACTGGAAG GTCGACGAGG TGCGCAGACG 240 AATCGATGAC CACTGAGAAG AGGTTACATA AGAGCAGTCA GCGTTGAAGT CACCCATCAG 300 CATGACGTCG TTCAGGTGCC ATTTCTGCTG AACGTCCAGG TAAACGTCGT ACAGAGAGTT 360 GATTTCAGCA ACAGCGTCAG ACGGCGCGCT GTGCAGAGCA ACGATAGCGA ACTCTTTAAC 420 CTTGGTAGAG TGGCTCGAGA ATTTAACAAC AGCCGGTTCC CGGGAGAAAG AGTCGTTACC 480 GCAAGATTCG CATCCGTCGT CGTACTGGTA GGTATCCAGT ACTGAAACTT TGTTCGGACG 540 GAACAGGAAC AGGTACCGTT CTTTGTAAGA GTTACGCCCG AGGGGTTCAG AAACAACGTA 600 GTGGTAGGTG TTCGGGTCGT CCTGGTTCAG GTAGTCTAGA AGTTTACCAA CTGCAACCAG 660 GTGAGAGTCG CGAACTTCCT GGATCAGAAC GATATCGTAA CGGCGTACGA TGCGTACGAT 720 GTAAGATGCT AGCGTAGCGT TAGACATTTT AGATTCACCG AAGGTACGTA TGTTGAAAGC 780 AGCGATCTTA AGCATATG 798 1053 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 27 ATGAAATACC TATTGCCTAC GGCAGCCGCT GGATTGTTAT TACTCGCTGC CCAACCAGCC 60 ATGGCGGCAA CTGGTCACTC TTACGAGAAG TACAACAAGT GGGAAACGAT AGAGGCTTGG 120 ACTCAACAAG TCGCCACTGA GAATCCAGCC CTCATCTCTC GCAGTGTTAT CGGAACCACA 180 TTTGAGGGAC GCGCTATTTA CCTCCTGAAG GTTGGCAAAG CTGGACAAAA TAAGCCTGCC 240 ATTTTCATGG ACTGTGGTTT CCATGCCAGA GAGTGGATTT CTCCTGCATT CTGCCAGTGG 300 TTTGTAAGAG AGGCTGTTCG TACCTATGGA CGTGAGATCC AAGTGACAGA GCTTCTCGAC 360 AAGTTAGACT TTTATGTCCT GCCTGTGCTC AATATTGATG GCTACATCTA CACCTGGACC 420 AAGAGCCGAT TTTGGAGAAA GACTCGCTCC ACCCATACTG GATCTAGCTG CATTGGCACA 480 GACCCCAACA GAAATTTTGA TGCTGGTTGG TGTGAAATTG GAGCCTCTCG AAACCCCTGT 540 GATGAAACTT ACTGTGGACC TGCCGCAGAG TCTGAAAAGG AGACCAAGGC CCTGGCTGAT 600 TTCATCCGCA ACAAACTCTC TTCCATCAAG GCATATCTGA CAATCCACTC GTACTCCCAA 660 ATGATGATCT ACCCTTACTC ATATGCTTAC AAACTCGGTG AGAACAATGC TGAGTTGAAT 720 GCCCTGGCTA AAGCTACTGT GAAAGAACTT GCCTCACTGC ACGGCACCAA GTACACATAT 780 GGCCCGGGAG CTACAACAAT CTATCCTGCT GCTGGGGGCT CTAAAGACTG GGCTTATGAC 840 CAAGGAATCA GATATTCCTT CACCTTTGAA CTTCGAGATA CAGGCAGATA TGGCTTTCTC 900 CTTCCAGAAT CCCAGATCCG GGCTACCTGC GAGGAGACCT TCCTGGCAAT CAAGTATGTT 960 GCCAGCTACG TCCTGGAACA CCTGTACCAC CACCATCACC ACCATGAGTT CGAGGAGCAG 1020 AAGCTGATCT CTGAGGAGGA CCTGAACTAA TAA 1053 1053 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 28 TTATTAGTTC AGGTCCTCCT CAGAGATCAG CTTCTGCTCC TCGAACTCAT GGTGGTGATG 60 GTGGTGGTAC AGGTGTTCCA GGACGTAGCT GGCAACATAC TTGATTGCCA GGAAGGTCTC 120 CTCGCAGGTA GCCCGGATCT GGGATTCTGG AAGGAGAAAG CCATATCTGC CTGTATCTCG 180 AAGTTCAAAG GTGAAGGAAT ATCTGATTCC TTGGTCATAA GCCCAGTCTT TAGAGCCCCC 240 AGCAGCAGGA TAGATTGTTG TAGCTCCCGG GCCATATGTG TACTTGGTGC CGTGCAGTGA 300 GGCAAGTTCT TTCACAGTAG CTTTAGCCAG GGCATTCAAC TCAGCATTGT TCTCACCGAG 360 TTTGTAAGCA TATGAGTAAG GGTAGATCAT CATTTGGGAG TACGAGTGGA TTGTCAGATA 420 TGCCTTGATG GAAGAGAGTT TGTTGCGGAT GAAATCAGCC AGGGCCTTGG TCTCCTTTTC 480 AGACTCTGCG GCAGGTCCAC AGTAAGTTTC ATCACAGGGG TTTCGAGAGG CTCCAATTTC 540 ACACCAACCA GCATCAAAAT TTCTGTTGGG GTCTGTGCCA ATGCAGCTAG ATCCAGTATG 600 GGTGGAGCGA GTCTTTCTCC AAAATCGGCT CTTGGTCCAG GTGTAGATGT AGCCATCAAT 660 ATTGAGCACA GGCAGGACAT AAAAGTCTAA CTTGTCGAGA AGCTCTGTCA CTTGGATCTC 720 ACGTCCATAG GTACGAACAG CCTCTCTTAC AAACCACTGG CAGAATGCAG GAGAAATCCA 780 CTCTCTGGCA TGGAAACCAC AGTCCATGAA AATGGCAGGC TTATTTTGTC CAGCTTTGCC 840 AACCTTCAGG AGGTAAATAG CGCGTCCCTC AAATGTGGTT CCGATAACAC TGCGAGAGAT 900 GAGGGCTGGA TTCTCAGTGG CGACTTGTTG AGTCCAAGCC TCTATCGTTT CCCACTTGTT 960 GTACTTCTCG TAAGAGTGAC CAGTTGCCGC CATGGCTGGT TGGGCAGCGA GTAATAACAA 1020 TCCAGCGGCT GCCGTAGGCA ATAGGTATTT CAT 1053 213 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 29 ATGGTTACCT GCTGTTATAA CTTCACCAAC CGTAAAATCT CAGTGCAGAG GCTCGCGAGC 60 TATAGAAGAA TCACCAGCAG CAAGTGTCCC AAAGAAGCTG TGATCTTCAA GACCATTGTG 120 GCCAAGGAGA TCTGTGCTGA CCCCAAGCAG AAGTGGGTTC AGGATTCCAT GGACCACCTG 180 GACAAGCAAA CCCAAACTCC GAAGACTTGA TGA 213 213 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 30 TCATCAAGTC TTCGGAGTTT GGGTTTGCTT GTCCAGGTGG TCCATGGAAT CCTGAACCCA 60 CTTCTGCTTG GGGTCAGCAC AGATCTCCTT GGCCACAATG GTCTTGAAGA TCACAGCTTC 120 TTTGGGACAC TTGCTGCTGG TGATTCTTCT ATAGCTCGCG AGCCTCTGCA CTGAGATTTT 180 ACGGTTGGTG AAGTTATAAC AGCAGGTAAC CAT 213 1590 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 31 CATATGAAAT ACCTATTGCC TACGGCAGCC GCTGGATTGT TATTACTCGC TGCCCAACCA 60 GCGATGGCCC AGGTGCAGCT GCAGGAATCT GGTGGTGGCT TAGTTCAACC TGGTGGTTCC 120 CTGAGACTCT CCTGTGCAAC TTCTGGGTTC ACCTTCACTG ATTACTACAT GAACTGGGTC 180 CGCCAGCCTC CAGGAAAGGC ACTTGAGTGG TTGGGTTTTA TTGGAAACAA AGCTAATGGT 240 TACACAACAG AGTACAGTGC ATCTGTGAAG GGTCGGTTCA CCATCTCCAG AGATAAATCC 300 CAAAGCATCC TCTATCTTCA AATGAACACC CTGAGAGCTG AGGACAGTGC CACTTATTAC 360 TGTACAAGAG ATAGGGGGCT ACGGTTCTAC TTTGACTACT GGGGCCAAGG CACCACGGTC 420 ACCGTCTCCT CAGCCTCCAC CAAGGGCCCA TCGGTCTTCC CCCTGGCACC CTCCTCCAAG 480 AGCACCTCTG GGGGCACAGC GGCCCTGGGC TGCCTGGTCA AGGACTACTT CCCCGAACCG 540 GTGACGGTGT CGTGGAACTC AGGCGCCCTG ACCAGCGGCG TGCACACCTT CCCGGCTGTC 600 CTACAGTCCT CAGGACTCTA CTCCCTCAGC AGCGTGGTGA CTGTGCCCTC CAGCAGCTTG 660 GGCACCCAGA CCTACATCTG CAACGTGAAT CACAACCCCA GCAACACCAA GGTCGACAAG 720 AAAGTTGAGC CCAAATCTTG TGACAAGACG CACACGTGCC CGCCGTGCCC GGCTCCGGAA 780 CTGCTGGGTG GCCCGTAATA GCTAGCGTTA ACATGCAAAT TCTATTTCAA GGAGACAGTC 840 ATAATGAAAT ACCTATTGCC TACGGCAGCC GCTGGATTGT TATTACTCGC TGCCCAACCA 900 GCGATGGCCG ACATCGAGCT CTCCCAGTCT CCAGCAATCC TGTCTGCATC TCCAGGGGAG 960 AAGGTCACAA TGACTTGCAG GGCCAGCTCA AGTGTAACTT ACATTCACTG GTACCAGCAG 1020 AAGCCAGGAT CCTCCCCCAA ATCCTGGATT TATGCCACAT CCAACCTGGC TTCTGGAGTC 1080 CCTGCTCGCT TCAGTGGCAG TGGGTCTGGG ACCTCTTACT CTCTCACAAT CAGCAGAGTG 1140 GAGGCTGAAG ATGCTGCCAC TTATTACTGC CAACATTGGA GTAGTAAACC ACCGACGTTC 1200 GGTGGAGGCA CCAAGCTCGA GATCAAACGG ACTGTGGCTG CACCATCTGT CTTCATCTTC 1260 CCGCCATCTG ATGAGCAGTT GAAATCTGGA ACTGCCTCTG TTGTGTGCCT GCTGAATAAC 1320 TTCTATCCCA GAGAGGCCAA AGTACAGTGG AAGGTGGATA ACGCCCTCCA ATCGGGTAAC 1380 TCCCAGGAGA GTGTCACAGA GCAGGACAGC AAGGACAGCA CCTACAGCCT CAGCAGCACC 1440 CTGACGCTGA GCAAAGCAGA CTACGAGAAA CACAAAGTCT ACGCCTGCGA AGTCACCCAT 1500 CAGGGCCTGA GTTCGCCCGT CACAAAGAGC TTCAACCGCG GAGAGTGTTA GTAAGGATCC 1560 AGCTCGAATT CCATCGATGA TATCAGATCT 1590 1590 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid 32 AGATCTGATA TCATCGATGG AATTCGAGCT GGATCCTTAC TAACACTCTC CGCGGTTGAA 60 GCTCTTTGTG ACGGGCGAAC TCAGGCCCTG ATGGGTGACT TCGCAGGCGT AGACTTTGTG 120 TTTCTCGTAG TCTGCTTTGC TCAGCGTCAG GGTGCTGCTG AGGCTGTAGG TGCTGTCCTT 180 GCTGTCCTGC TCTGTGACAC TCTCCTGGGA GTTACCCGAT TGGAGGGCGT TATCCACCTT 240 CCACTGTACT TTGGCCTCTC TGGGATAGAA GTTATTCAGC AGGCACACAA CAGAGGCAGT 300 TCCAGATTTC AACTGCTCAT CAGATGGCGG GAAGATGAAG ACAGATGGTG CAGCCACAGT 360 CCGTTTGATC TCGAGCTTGG TGCCTCCACC GAACGTCGGT GGTTTACTAC TCCAATGTTG 420 GCAGTAATAA GTGGCAGCAT CTTCAGCCTC CACTCTGCTG ATTGTGAGAG AGTAAGAGGT 480 CCCAGACCCA CTGCCACTGA AGCGAGCAGG GACTCCAGAA GCCAGGTTGG ATGTGGCATA 540 AATCCAGGAT TTGGGGGAGG ATCCTGGCTT CTGCTGGTAC CAGTGAATGT AAGTTACACT 600 TGAGCTGGCC CTGCAAGTCA TTGTGACCTT CTCCCCTGGA GATGCAGACA GGATTGCTGG 660 AGACTGGGAG AGCTCGATGT CGGCCATCGC TGGTTGGGCA GCGAGTAATA ACAATCCAGC 720 GGCTGCCGTA GGCAATAGGT ATTTCATTAT GACTGTCTCC TTGAAATAGA ATTTGCATGT 780 TAACGCTAGC TATTACGGGC CACCCAGCAG TTCCGGAGCC GGGCACGGCG GGCACGTGTG 840 CGTCTTGTCA CAAGATTTGG GCTCAACTTT CTTGTCGACC TTGGTGTTGC TGGGGTTGTG 900 ATTCACGTTG CAGATGTAGG TCTGGGTGCC CAAGCTGCTG GAGGGCACAG TCACCACGCT 960 GCTGAGGGAG TAGAGTCCTG AGGACTGTAG GACAGCCGGG AAGGTGTGCA CGCCGCTGGT 1020 CAGGGCGCCT GAGTTCCACG ACACCGTCAC CGGTTCGGGG AAGTAGTCCT TGACCAGGCA 1080 GCCCAGGGCC GCTGTGCCCC CAGAGGTGCT CTTGGAGGAG GGTGCCAGGG GGAAGACCGA 1140 TGGGCCCTTG GTGGAGGCTG AGGAGACGGT GACCGTGGTG CCTTGGCCCC AGTAGTCAAA 1200 GTAGAACCGT AGCCCCCTAT CTCTTGTACA GTAATAAGTG GCACTGTCCT CAGCTCTCAG 1260 GGTGTTCATT TGAAGATAGA GGATGCTTTG GGATTTATCT CTGGAGATGG TGAACCGACC 1320 CTTCACAGAT GCACTGTACT CTGTTGTGTA ACCATTAGCT TTGTTTCCAA TAAAACCCAA 1380 CCACTCAAGT GCCTTTCCTG GAGGCTGGCG GACCCAGTTC ATGTAGTAAT CAGTGAAGGT 1440 GAACCCAGAA GTTGCACAGG AGAGTCTCAG GGAACCACCA GGTTGAACTA AGCCACCACC 1500 AGATTCCTGC AGCTGCACCT GGGCCATCGC TGGTTGGGCA GCGAGTAATA ACAATCCAGC 1560 GGCTGCCGTA GGCAATAGGT ATTTCATATG 1590 

What is claimed is:
 1. A T7 based promoter-driven protein expression system comprising a native operator sequence downstream of the T7 promoter sequence, and having a further operator sequence upstream of the T7 promoter sequence; wherein the system is a host cell transformed with a plasmid comprising the native operator sequence, the T7 promoter sequence, and the further operator sequence; wherein both the native operator sequence and the further operator sequence bind the lac repressor; and wherein the further operator sequence is a perfect palindrome operator (ppop) sequence.
 2. A protein expression system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the native operator sequence downstream of the T7 promoter sequence is replaced by a ppop sequence that binds the lac repressor, so as to provide a tandem ppop operator.
 3. A plasmid which comprises a target gene under T7 promoter control, and comprising a native operator sequence downstream of the T7 promoter sequence, and having a further operator sequence upstream of the T7 promoter sequence, wherein both the native operator sequence and the further operator sequence bind the lac repressor, and the further operator sequence is a perfect palindrome operator (ppop) sequence.
 4. A plasmid as claimed in claim 3 wherein the native operator sequence downstream of the T7 promoter sequence is replaced by a ppop sequence that binds the lac repressor, so as to provide a tandem ppop sequence.
 5. A plasmid selected from the group consisting of pZT7#3.0, pZT7#3.1, pZT7#3.2 and pZT7#3.3.
 6. The plasmid pZT7#3.3.
 7. A host cell transformed by a plasmid as claimed in any one of claims 3 and 4-6.
 8. A host cell transformed by the plasmid pZT7#3.3.
 9. An E. Coli cell transformed by the plasmid pZT7#3.3.
 10. A method of producing a recombinant protein comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with a plasmid as recited in claim 1 which comprises a target gene that encodes a recombinant protein; (b) transcribing the target gene by addition of an inducing agent which relieves repression of the gene's transcription in the host cell, wherein the T7 promoter of the plasmid drives transcription of the target gene, such that a transcript encoding the recombinant protein is produced; and (c) translating the transcript to produce the recombinant protein.
 11. A method of producing a recombinant protein comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with a plasmid as claimed in claim 3 which comprises a target gene that encodes a recombinant protein; (b) transcribing the target gene by addition of an inducing agent which relieves repression of the gene's transcription in the host cell, wherein the T7 promoter of the plasmid drives transcription of the target gene, such that a transcript encoding the recombinant protein is produced; and (c) translating the transcript to produce the recombinant protein.
 12. A plasmid which comprises a T7 promoter sequence, an operator sequence downstream of the T7 promoter sequence, and having a further operator sequence upstream of the T7 promoter sequence, wherein both the operator sequence downstream of the T7 promotor sequence and the further operator sequence bind the lac repressor, and the further operator sequence is a perfect palindrome operator (ppop) sequence. 